Genetic engineering Wikipedia. Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organisms genes using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesizing the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1. DNA from the monkey virus SV4. Endangered Species at Bagheera. Choose any of the Endangered Species below for further study and review. This will help deepen ones understanding of why the. German Shepherds are the 2 most popular breed in the world. But with 5 German Shepherd breed types to chose from, which one is right for you Find out. Get the latest health news, diet fitness information, medical research, health care trends and health issues that affect you and your family on ABCNews. As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or knock out, genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome. A Virtual Pet Game Focused On Genetics And Breeding' title='A Virtual Pet Game Focused On Genetics And Breeding' />In the world of OviPets, you and your friends are able to raise and care for pets in all the colors of the rainbow. You can research new species and splice eggs with. Free genetic engineering papers, essays, and research papers. The Sweet Spot When the Cable Guys a Gal, Some Peoples Wires Get Crossed. A reader who loves the days when shes a force for gender normalization in. Genetic engineering is a process that alters the genetic makeup of an organism by either removing or introducing DNA. Unlike traditionally animal and plant breeding. A Virtual Pet Game Focused On Genetics And Breeding' title='A Virtual Pet Game Focused On Genetics And Breeding' />An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified GM and the resulting entity is a genetically modified organism GMO. The first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1. Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1. Then first company focused on genetic engineering, Genentech, was founded in 1. Genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1. Genetically modified food has been sold since 1. Flavr Savr tomato. The Flavr Savr was engineered to have a longer shelf life, but most current GM crops are modified for increased resistance to insects and herbicides. Glo. Fish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was sold in the United States in December 2. In 2. 01. 6 salmon modified with a growth hormone, were sold. Genetic engineering has been applied in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In research GMOs are used to study gene function and expression through loss of function, gain of function, tracking and expression experiments. By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases. As well as producing hormones, vaccines and other drugs genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy. The same techniques that are used to produce drugs can also have industrial applications such as producing enzymes for laundry detergent, cheeses and other products. The rise of commercialised genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries, but has also been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology. This has been present since its early use, the first field trials were destroyed by anti GM activists. Although there is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, GM food safety is a leading concern with critics. Gene flow, impact on non target organisms, control of the food supply and intellectual property rights have also been raised as potential issues. These concerns have led to the development of a regulatory framework, which started in 1. It has led to an international treaty, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, that was adopted in 2. Individual countries have developed their own regulatory systems regarding GMOs, with the most marked differences occurring between the USA and Europe. Overviewedit. Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modification. Genetic engineering is a process that alters the genetic make up of an organism by either removing or introducing DNA. Unlike traditionally animal and plant breeding, which involves doing multiple crosses and then selecting for the organism with the desired phenotype, genetic engineering takes the gene directly from one organism and inserts it in the other. This is much faster, can be used to insert any genes from any organism even ones from different domains and prevents other undesirable genes from also being added. Genetic engineering could potentially fix severe genetic disorders in humans by replacing the defective gene with a functioning one. It is an important tool in research that allows the function of specific genes to be studied. Drugs, vaccines and other products have been harvested from organisms engineered to produce them. Crops have been developed that aid food security by increasing yield, nutritional value and tolerance to environmental stresses. The DNA can be introduced directly into the host organism or into a cell that is then fused or hybridized with the host. This relies on recombinant nucleic acid techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation of that material either indirectly through a vector system or directly through micro injection, macro injection or micro encapsulation. Genetic engineering does not normally include traditional breeding, in vitro fertilisation, induction of polyploidy, mutagenesis and cell fusion techniques that do not use recombinant nucleic acids or a genetically modified organism in the process. However, some broad definitions of genetic engineering include selective breeding. Cloning and stem cell research, although not considered genetic engineering,8 are closely related and genetic engineering can be used within them. Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesised material into an organism. Plants, animals or micro organisms that have been changed through genetic engineering are termed genetically modified organisms or GMOs. If genetic material from another species is added to the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic. If genetic material from the same species or a species that can naturally breed with the host is used the resulting organism is called cisgenic. If genetic engineering is used to remove genetic material from the target organism the resulting organism is termed a knockout organism. In Europe genetic modification is synonymous with genetic engineering while within the United States of America and Canada genetic modification can also be used to refer to more conventional breeding methods. HistoryeditHumans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through selective breeding, or artificial selection1. Genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of DNA by humans outside breeding and mutations has only existed since the 1. The term genetic engineering was first coined by Jack Williamson in his science fiction novel Dragons Island, published in 1. DNAs role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase,2. James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double helix structure though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaums 1. 93. Proteus Island. In 1. 97. 2, Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV4. In 1. 97. 3 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into the plasmid of an Escherichia coli bacterium. 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